Students at over 30 universities participated in "Freedom Without Walls" events in late 2009. "That's why I gave my people the order: Open the barrier!". The travel authorizations will be issued within a short period of time. ⦠3. Communist-Era Trabants? Palestinians in the town of Kalandia, West Bank pulled down parts of the Israeli West Bank barrier, in a demonstration marking the 20th Anniversary of the Fall of the Berlin Wall. From there, demolition continued through Prenzlauer Berg/Gesundbrunnen, Heiligensee and throughout the city of Berlin until December 1990. Crowds gathered on both sides of the historic crossings waiting for hours to cheer the bulldozers that tore down portions of the Wall to reconnect the divided roads. Click to see full answer. The attached press release explaining the temporary transition regulation will be issued on 10 November. "Private travel outside the country can now be applied for without prerequisites," he said. [16], At a Politburo meeting on 7 November it was decided to enact a portion of the draft travel regulations addressing permanent emigration immediately. In June 1989, just five months before the Berlin Wall fell, the Communist Party of China committed a massacre against democracy protesters in Tiananmen Square. At first, they were ordered to find the "more aggressive" people gathered at the gates and stamp their passports with a special stamp that barred them from returning to East Germanyâin effect, revoking their citizenship. As ARD and ZDF had broadcast to nearly all of East Germany since the late 1950s, were far more widely viewed than the East German channels, and had become accepted by the East German authorities, this is how most of the population heard the news. Schabowski shrugged and read item 3 of the note, which confirmed that it did. zu Berlin (West) erfolgen. [41], On 13 June 1990, the East German Border Troops officially began dismantling the Wall,[43][44] beginning in Bernauer StraÃe and around the Mitte district. When they came to the picnic, they were given gifts, food and Deutsche Mark, and then they were persuaded to come to the West." In the heat of August, Hungary opened it borders to Austria in the west, allowing East German refugees an escape. The fall of the Berlin Wall proved to be a major turning point in our world's history. Three days later, the government resigned. They had not intended to open the border up completely. The Berlin Wall fell on 9 November 1989. More than 1,000 people were killed in unrest before and after the revolution, setting Romania apart from the largely bloodless events elsewhere. As the Press Office of the Ministry of the Interior has announced, the East German Council of Ministers has decided that the following temporary transition regulation for travel abroad and permanent exit from East Germany will be effective until a corresponding law is put into effect by the Volkskammer: 1) Applications by private individuals for travel abroad can now be made without the previously existing requirements (of demonstrating a need to travel or proving familial relationships). [24][1], After the press conference, Schabowski sat for an interview with NBC news anchor Tom Brokaw in which he repeated that East Germans would be able to emigrate through the border and the regulations would go into effect immediately. Die zuständigen Abteilungen PaÃ- und Meldewesen der VPKà in der DDR sind angewiesen, Visa zur ständigen Ausreise unverzüglich zu erteilen, ohne daà dafür noch geltende Voraussetzungen für eine ständige Ausreise vorliegen müssen. 'Each one of these people mattered' Video, 'Humans just want to see humans doing funny things' Video, 'Humans just want to see humans doing funny things', How bushfires almost wiped out a 'cryptic' species. [22] Shortly before the press conference, he was handed a note from Krenz announcing the changes, but given no further instructions on how to handle the information. However, this movement of people grew so large it caused difficulties for both countries. The Berlin Wall was a guarded concrete barrier that physically and ideologically divided Berlin from 1961 to 1989. It is still possible to apply for permanent exit in the departments for internal affairs [of the local district or city councils]. "[8]:353[22], In 2009, Ehrman claimed that a member of the Central Committee had called him and urged him to ask about the travel law during the press conference, but Schabowski called that absurd. It stipulated that East German citizens could apply for permission to travel abroad without having to meet the previous requirements for those trips. Official demolition of the Berlin Wall began in the summer of 1990. [38], Walking through Checkpoint Charlie, 10 November 1989, At the Brandenburg Gate, 10 November 1989, Celebration at the border crossing in the Schlutup district of Lübeck, Another border crossing to the south may have been opened earlier. Although Krenz promised reforms in his first public speech,[10] he was considered by the East German public to be following his predecessor's policies, and public protests demanding his resignation continued. Earlier in '89, Beijing demonstrators in Tiananmen Square who had called for democracy in China were crushed in a major military crackdown. November 1989, 1947â1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine, North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972, Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union, Sovereignty of Puerto Rico during the Cold War, Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War, List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States, American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation, Eastern European anti-Communist insurgencies, Predictions of the collapse of the Soviet Union, Secret MolotovâRibbentrop Pact protocol, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall&oldid=1002361883, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, To change the situation with regard to the permanent exit of East German citizens to the West Germany via, This page was last edited on 24 January 2021, at 01:52. Within the Soviet Union itself, it did, killing 21 pro-independence protesters in the Soviet republic of Georgia. Brinkmann Says It Did, "Pressekonferenz DDR-Reiseregelung [09.11.1989]", "Berlin Wall: Was the Fall Engineered by the GDR? On 9 November 1999, the 10th anniversary was observed with a concert and fireworks at the vid Brandenburg Gate. Five days later, Mr Schabowski gave his world-changing press conference. Despite the initial euphoria, the road to ⦠[13] Hundreds of refugees crowded onto the steps of the West German embassy in Prague, enraging the Czechoslovaks, who threatened to seal off the East German-Czechoslovak border. 4. Grounds for denial will only be applied in particularly exceptional cases. [25] Ehrman later recanted this statement in a 2014 interview with an Austrian journalist, admitting that the caller was Günter Pötschke, head of the East German news agency ADN, and he only asked if Ehrman would attend the press conference. In 1990, Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia took advantage of their new-found political freedoms to vote out their communist governments and make moves towards independence. The gates in the Wall stand open wide. [11] On 4 November the Alexanderplatz demonstration took place. [54] Besides being the emotional apogee of East Germany's peaceful revolution, 9 November is also the date of the 1918 abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II and declaration of the Weimar Republic, the first German republic. What remained were six sections that were to be preserved as a memorial. East Germany, officially known as the German Democratic Republic, became the Soviet Union's foothold in Western Europe. [56][57], On 9 November 2009, Berlin celebrated the 20th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall with a "Festival of Freedom" with dignitaries from around the world in attendance for an evening celebration around the Brandenburg Gate. Ständige Ausreisen können über alle Grenzübergangsstellen der DDR zur BRD bzw. "He has a song, `I (Did) It My Way.' A high point was when over 1,000 colourfully designed foam domino tiles, each over 8 feet (2.4 m) tall, that were stacked along the former route of the Wall in the city center were toppled in stages, converging in front of the Brandenburg Gate. By August, the revolutionary wave had truly re-ignited on the fringes. So every country decides on its own which road to take.". So why not now? Fall of Communism in Eastern Europe, 1989. West Berlin became an island surrounded by communist East Germany. Wreaths were placed for victims shot down when attempts to escape to west, and politicians delivered speeches. Die Genehmigungen werden kurzfristig erteilt. After the communist regime imploded in Moscow in 1991, I went to Russia to join western efforts to ⦠The Soviet Union was falling apart, but Mr Gorbachev made one last ill-fated attempt to reform it by calling together the leaders of the 15 Soviet republics. The orchestra and choir were drawn from both East and West Germany, as well as the United Kingdom, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States. [8]:339 Honecker approved the choice, naming Krenz in his resignation speech,[9] and the Volkskammer duly elected him. [33], After hearing the broadcast, East Germans began gathering at the Wall, at the six checkpoints between East and West Berlin, demanding that border guards immediately open the gates. [69] A sheet of "Americans in Berlin" Commemorative Cinderella stamps designed by T.H.E. The Honolulu-bound Boeing suffered engine failure but returned safely to Denver airport. [32], Despite the policy of state atheism in East Germany, Christian pastor Christian Führer regularly met with his congregation at St. Nicholas Church for prayer since 1982. On the night of November 9, 1989, the Berlin Wallâthe most potent symbol of the cold-war division of Europeâcame down. Privatreisen nach dem Ausland können ohne Vorliegen von Voraussetzungen (Reiseanlässe und Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse) beantragt werden. [15] Lauter was a former People's Police officer. Die Antragstellung auf ständige Ausreise ist wie bisher auch bei den Abteilungen Innere Angelegenheiten möglich. [39] This may explain reports of East Berliners appearing in West Berlin earlier than the opening of the Bornholmer StraÃe border crossing. [49], On 25 December 1989, Leonard Bernstein gave a concert in Berlin celebrating the end of the Wall, including Beethoven's 9th symphony (Ode to Joy) with the word "Joy" (Freude) changed to "Freedom" (Freiheit) in the lyrics sung. The barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls, accompanied by a wide area (later known as the "death strip") that contained anti-vehicle trenches, beds of nailsand other defenses. [30][31], The news began spreading immediately: the West German Deutsche Presse-Agentur issued a bulletin at 19:04 which reported that East German citizens would be able to cross the inner German border "immediately". Germany became a focus of Cold War politics and as divisions between East an⦠Virtually every road that was severed by the Berlin Wall, every road that once linked from West Berlin to East Berlin, was reconstructed and reopened by 1 August 1990. East Berliners get helping hands from West Berliners as they climb the Berlin Wall, which had divided the city since the end of World War II, near the Brandenburg Gate, early morning, Nov. 10, 1989. Shuffling through his notes, Mr Schabowski said that as far as he was aware, it was effective immediately. In these places, the bricks would become a blank canvas for artists, intellectuals and young people to tackle the "wall" phenomenon.[64]. 3) Permanent exits are possible via all East German border crossings to West Germany and (West) Berlin. [33] The secret police issued death threats and even attacked some of the marchers, but the crowd still continued to gather. Crucially, a journalist then asked if the regulation also applied to the crossings to West Berlin. 3. Andreas Rödder, Deutschland einig Vaterland â Die Geschichte der Wiedervereinigung (2009). While the Wall officially remained guarded at a decreasing intensity, new border crossings continued for some time. The leadership of the GDR in East Berlin did not dare to completely block the borders of their own country and the USSR did not respond at all. On 9 October, within days of East Germany celebrating its 40th anniversary, 70,000 people took to the streets. Moreover, it served to separate the two differing ideologies, the democracy ⦠why did the Berlin wall fall-since summer 1989, demand for change built up in East Germany ... -At START 1991, USA and USSR agreed to reduce nuclear warheads by about 1/3 with the intention to reduce them in the future. S aturday marks the 30th anniversary of the Fall of the Berlin Wall, when, on Nov. 9, 1989, Berliners breached the 12-ft.-high wall that had divided ⦠When he read the note aloud for the first time, reporters were stunned. © 2021 BBC. ", "Schabowskis Ehefrau: "Mein Mann wusste, was er sagte, "Schabowskis legendärer Auftritt: Das folgenreichste Versehen der DDR-Geschichte", "Peace prayers helped bring down the Wall, says Leipzig pastor", "The Guard Who Opened the Berlin Wall: 'I Gave my People the Order â Raise the Barrier, "East Germans may have arrived in West Berlin hours before previously thought", "Untangling 5 myths about the Berlin Wall", "In Photos: 25 years ago today the Berlin Wall Fell", "Was Margaret Thatcher right to fear a united Germany? First place winner of the Freedom Without Walls Speaking Contest[62] Robert Cannon received a free trip to Berlin for 2010. The GDR has announced that, starting immediately, its borders are open to everyone. The Irish woman who shot Benito Mussolini, 'Humans just want to see humans doing funny things' Video'Humans just want to see humans doing funny things', Inside Singapore's unusual vending machines, How bushfires almost wiped out a 'cryptic' species. Starting immediately, the following temporary transition regulations for travel abroad and permanent exits from East Germany are in effect: a) Applications by private individuals for travel abroad can now be made without the previously existing requirements (of demonstrating a need to travel or proving familial relationships). The once mighty Soviet Union fell alongisde the Wall and it wasn't long before they met their demise. With only a handful of guards facing hundreds of angry citizens, force would have been of little use. In September 1989, Margaret Thatcher privately confided to Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev that she wanted the Soviet leader to do what he could to stop it. Removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria, six checkpoints between East and West Berlin, "Mauerfall am 9. It fell on Oct. 9, 120 miles away, in the city of Leipzig. Reform movements were already stirring in the communist bloc. [8]:347 Despite promises of reform, public opposition to the regime continued to grow. Russian cellist Mstislav Rostropovich played music by Johann Sebastian Bach, while German rock band Scorpions performed their 1990 song Wind of Change. Over the years, there has been a repeated controversial debate[53] as to whether 9 November would make a suitable German national holiday, often initiated by former members of political opposition in East Germany, such as Werner Schulz. An East German guard talks to a Westerner through a broken seam in the wall in late November 1989. On 3 December, Mr Gorbachev and US President George HW Bush sat side by side in Malta, and released a statement saying the Cold War between the two powers was coming to a close. [58], A Berlin Twitter Wall was set up to allow Twitter users to post messages commemorating the 20th anniversary. World events often move fast, but it is hard to match the pace and power of change in 1989. Damit entfällt die vorübergehend ermöglichte Erteilung von entsprechenden Genehmigungen in Auslandsvertretungen der DDR bzw. It is still possible to apply for permanent exit in the departments for internal affairs [of the local district or city councils]. [8]:341, On 19 October, Krenz asked Gerhard Lauter to draft a new travel policy. The draft enraged ordinary citizens, and was denounced as "complete trash" by West Berlin Mayor Walter Momper. After World War Two, Europe was carved up by the Soviet Union and its former Western allies, and the Soviets gradually erected an "Iron Curtain" splitting the East from the West. It was on 9 November 1989, five days after half a million people gathered in East Berlin in a mass protest, that the Berlin Wall dividing communist East Germany from West Germany crumbled. The fall of the Berlin Wall (German: Mauerfall) on 9 November 1989 was a pivotal event in world history which marked the falling of the Iron Curtain and the start of the fall of communism in Eastern and Central Europe. [74], Germans stand on top of the Wall in front of. [39], Removal of the Wall began on the evening of 9 November 1989 and continued over the following days and weeks, with people nicknamed Mauerspechte (wallpeckers) using various tools to chip off souvenirs, demolishing lengthy parts in the process, and creating several unofficial border crossings. The fall of the Berlin Wall was not the beginning of the collapse of communism: it was the pivotal third act in a classic five-act play. ", "East Germans abandon their Trabant cars in Prague", "Wall Patrol â The Western Powers and the Berlin Wall 1961â1990 Special Exhibition", "American Commemorative Stamps Presented to the Museum", "Thirty Years After Fall of Berlin Wall, a Citywide Celebration", "How Berlin is marking the 30th anniversary of the fall of the Wall", "Pakistan PM Imran Khan formally inaugurates Kartarpur corridor", "Hertha Berlin and Leipzig join Bundesliga in commemorating 30 years since the fall of the Berlin Wall", âSchabowskis Zettelâ: Zeitweilige Ãbergangsregelung des DDR-Ministerrates für Reisen und ständige Ausreise aus der DDR, 9. Are streaming algorithms really damaging film? 2) Ab sofort treten folgende zeitweilige Ãbergangsregelungen für Reisen und ständige Ausreisen aus der DDR in das Ausland in Kraft: a. Privatreisen nach dem Ausland können ohne Vorliegen von Voraussetzungen (Reiseanlässe und Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse) beantragt werden. For the Soviet man, East Germany was a consumerâs paradise, being the wealthiest country in the eastern bloc. "[55] As reunification was not official and complete until 3 October (1990), that day was finally chosen as German Unity Day. Following the summer of 1989, by early November refugees were finding their way to Hungary via Czechoslovakia or via the West German embassy in Prague. November Nationalfeiertag werden? An end to the Cold War was declared at the Malta Summit three weeks later, and the reunification of Germany took place in October the following year. I Nr. Various military units dismantled the Berlin/Brandenburg border wall, completing the job in November 1991. But there was no intention to give way to democracy and Egon Krenz remained head of the Communist Party and the country's de facto leader. Later the same day, the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private, round-trip, travel. [50] On New Year's Eve 1989, David Hasselhoff performed his song "Looking for Freedom" while standing atop the partly demolished wall. Hungary's 1956 revolution was brutally suppressed by the Soviets, but this was succeeding. Versagungsgründe werden nur in besonderen Ausnahmefällen angewandt. Thousands flowed through, celebrating and crying, in scenes beamed around the world. The wall came down partly because of a bureaucratic accident but it fell amid a wave of revolutions that left the Soviet-led communist bloc teetering on the brink of collapse and helped define a new world order. The text stipulated that East German citizens could apply for permission to travel abroad without having to meet the previous requirements for those trips, and also allowed for permanent emigration between all border crossingsâincluding those between East and West Berlin. At the heart of Ukraineâs troubles is the establishment of a hard border with Russia which has never existed before. [33] On 9 October 1989, the police and army units were given permission to use force against those assembled, but this did not deter the church service and march from taking place, which gathered 70,000 people. However, 9 November is also the anniversary of the execution of Robert Blum following the 1848 Vienna revolts, the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch and the infamous Kristallnacht pogroms of the Nazis in 1938. He would not be there long. [43][44], The fall of the Wall marked the first critical step towards German reunification, which formally concluded a mere 339 days later on 3 October 1990 with the dissolution of East Germany and the official reunification of the German state along the democratic lines of the West German Basic Law.[40]. Nobel Laureate Elie Wiesel criticised the first euphoria, noting that "they forgot that 9 November has already entered into historyâ51 years earlier it marked the Kristallnacht. ", "Thatcher told Gorbachev Britain did not want German reunification", "United Germany might allow another Hitler, Mitterrand told Thatcher", "Crosby, Stills and Nash Sound a Positive Note at Berlin Wall", "Ode To Freedom â Beethoven: Symphony No. [24][1], After this exchange, Daniel Johnson of The Daily Telegraph asked what this law meant for the Berlin Wall. The new regulations were to take effect the next day.[19]. 25 S. 271) findet bis zur Inkraftsetzung des neuen Reisegesetzes keine Anwendung mehr. It was the largest escape movement from East Germany since the Berlin Wall was built in 1961. It was on 9 November 1989, five days after half a million people gathered in East Berlin in a mass protest, that the ⦠But Berlin was split four ways, with British, French and American zones in the west of the city and a Soviet zone in the east. Czechoslovakia, whose push for liberalising reform had been brutally suppressed in 1968, provided another means of escape. Surprised journalists clamoured for more details. But events moved far faster than he could have foreseen. By the end of the year the Soviet flag had flown for the last time. c) Permanent exits are possible via all East German border crossings to West Germany and (West) Berlin. The 12ft high, 87-mile-long wall was built as the Cold War raged in 1961, with Germany divided into two separate nations, Communist East and democratic West. This caused a stir in the room; amid several questions at once, Schabowski expressed surprise that the reporters had not yet seen this law, and started reading from the note. A crane removes a section of the Wall near Brandenburg Gate on 21 December 1989. Hardline communists opposed to his reforms pre-empted him, attempting a coup while he was on holiday in Crimea in August 1991 and putting him under house arrest. On 1 November, Krenz authorized the reopening of the border with Czechoslovakia, which had been sealed to prevent East Germans from fleeing to West Germany. "[22], Finally, at 10:45 p.m. (alternatively given as 11:30 p.m.) on 9 November, Harald Jäger, commander of the Bornholmer StraÃe border crossing, yielded, allowing guards to open the checkpoints and letting people through with little or no identity-checking. c. Ständige Ausreisen können über alle Grenzübergangsstellen der DDR zur BRD bzw. The emigration was initially tolerated because of long-standing agreements with the communist Czechoslovak government, allowing free travel across their common border. But by then the revolution had spread to East Germany itself. die ständige Ausreise mit dem Personalausweis der DDR über Drittstaaten. And then on 31 October, the numbers demanding democracy in East Germany swelled to half a million. Responsible: Government spokesman of East Germany; Council of Ministers. Almost all of the remaining sections were rapidly chipped away. Honecker had been seriously ill, and those looking to replace him were initially willing to wait for a "biological solution", but by October were convinced that the political and economic situation was too grave. Later that night, on ARD's Tagesthemen, anchorman Hanns Joachim Friedrichs proclaimed, "This 9 November is a historic day. The fall of the Berlin Wall 29 years ago was one of the most consequential events of the 20th century, exposing the Soviet Union as a corrupt, weak âempireâ and effectively ending the Cold War. Excerpts from Schabowski's press conference were broadcast on West Germany's two main news programs that nightâat 19:17 on ZDF's heute, which came on the air as the press conference was ending, and as the lead story at 20:00 on ARD's Tagesschau. "We now have the Frank Sinatra doctrine," foreign ministry spokesman Gennady Gerasimov told US television. On 18 October 1989, longtime Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) leader Erich Honecker stepped down in favor of Krenz. [59][60][61], In the United States, the German Embassy coordinated a public diplomacy campaign with the motto "Freedom Without Walls", to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall. ", "Debatte: Thierse fordert neuen Nationalfeiertag", "German Missions in the United States â Home", "The Wall in the World 2009 â 20th anniversary of the Fall of the Wall â Goethe-Institut", "Palestinians break Israel's wall â Middle East", "Washington, D.C., Spy Museum Hosts a Parade of . After the picnic, which was based on an idea by Otto von Habsburg to test the reaction of the USSR and Mikhail Gorbachev to an opening of the border, tens of thousands of media-informed East Germans set off for Hungary. [1] After a few seconds' hesitation, Schabowski replied, "As far as I know, it takes effect immediately, without delay" (German: Das tritt nach meiner Kenntnis ⦠ist das sofort ⦠unverzüglich. "People could have been injured or killed even without shots being fired, in scuffles, or if there had been panic among the thousands gathered at the border crossing," he told Der Spiegel. [18], At 18:53, near the end of the press conference, ANSA's Riccardo Ehrman asked if the draft travel law of 6 November was a mistake. Earlier that day, the Communist authorities of the German Democratic Republic had announced the removal of travel restrictions to democratic West Berlin. Miklós Németh in Interview, Austrian TV â ORF "Report", 25 June 2019. ", "Roger Waters Reclaimed a Legacy With 'The Wall: Live in Berlin, "Soll der 9. Schabowski was joined by Minister of Foreign Trade Gerhard Beil and Central Committee members Helga Labs and Manfred Banaschak. [65] The MTV Europe Music Awards, on 5 November, had U2 and Tokio Hotel perform songs dedicated to, and about the Berlin Wall. It culminated in one of the most famous scenes in recent history - the fall of the Berlin Wall. 4) This decision revokes the temporary practice of issuing (travel) authorizations through East German consulates and permanent exit with only an East German personal identity card via third countries ceases. Extensive advertising for the planned picnic was made by posters and flyers among the GDR holidaymakers in Hungary. Soon afterward, a crowd of West Berliners jumped on top of the Wall and were soon joined by East German youngsters. The changes were meant to be fairly minor - but the way they were delivered had major consequences. The 1989 wave of revolutions was not over yet. An account by Heinz Schäfer indicates that he also acted independently and ordered the opening of the gate at Waltersdorf-Rudow a couple of hours earlier. He and his wife Elena were captured and executed on Christmas Day. Did nuclear spy devices trigger Himalayan floods? By the 1980s, the Soviet Union faced acute economic problems and major food shortages, and when a nuclear reactor at the Chernobyl power station in Ukraine exploded in April 1986, it was a symbolic moment in the impending collapse of the communist bloc. What was the Conventional Forces in Europe agreement. Die zuständigen Abteilungen PaÃ- und Meldewesen der VPKà in der DDR sind angewiesen, Visa zur ständigen Ausreise unverzüglich zu erteilen, ohne daà dafür noch geltende Voraussetzungen für eine ständige Ausreise vorliegen müssen. Wie die Presseabteilung des Ministeriums des Innern mitteilt, hat der Ministerrat der DDR beschlossen, daà bis zum Inkrafttreten einer entsprechenden gesetzlichen Regelung durch die Volkskammer folgende zeitweilige Ãbergangsregelung für Reisen und ständige Ausreisen aus der DDR ins Ausland in Kraft gesetzt wird: 1.
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